Секретный американский космоплан X37-B испытал направленный микроволновый излучатель на орбите
Хотя большая часть программы полетов экспериментального космоплана Boeing X-37B окутана вуалью секретности, некоторые его задачи касаются не только военных. Поэтому суть проводимых опытов становится известна, пусть и не сразу. Например, недавняя научная публикация раскрывает подробности испытаний микроволнового излучателя, который пригодится в будущем для орбитальных солнечных электростанций, перенаправляющих энергию на Землю или другое небесное тело.
В некоторых случаях разумное желание военных засекретить все и вся вступает в конфликт с законодательством и заказчиком экспериментов. Поэтому итоги некоторых из них они обязаны размещать в открытых источниках. Хотя и делают это без лишней помпы, не привлекая избыточного внимания. Space.com нашел публикацию на рецензируемом научном портале IEEE Xplore, в которой описаны механизмы фокусировки луча микроволнового излучения в целом и миллиметрового — в частности.
Авторы статьи — сотрудники исследовательских лабораторий ВВС (AFRL), флота (NRL) и Министерства энергетики (SNL) США, а также компании Raytheon и Киотского университета. Среди прочего в материале содержится информация о программе Дополнительных демонстраций и исследований космической солнечной энергии (SSPIDR). Ее практическое воплощение только запланировано, а вот предшествующий эксперимент прямо сейчас находится в космосе, на борту X-37B.
Он называется PRAM-FX и представляет собой квадратную плитку со стороной около 30,5 сантиметра и толщиной в пять-семь сантиметров. На одной стороне — массив фотопреобразователей, на другой — фазированная антенная решетка, предназначенная для генерации направленного микроволнового луча. В рамках эксперимента передачу энергии на Землю или другие приемники в космосе проводить не будут. Задача PRAM-FX — оценка эффективности преобразования солнечного света в фокусированное радиоизлучение для дальнейшего питания удаленных потребителей.

Поскольку продолжающаяся сейчас миссия X-37B еще не завершена, как и эксперименты в ее рамках, финальных результатов PRAM-FX нет, только предварительные. И они, на первый взгляд, не вызывают особого восторга: всего 8% энергии солнечного света переводится в радиолуч, часть из которой будет дополнительно потеряна при преобразовании на приемнике. Но, во-первых, уже разработаны пути улучшения ситуации, а во-вторых, для некоторых применений другие варианты могут оказаться даже менее удобными.
Передачу энергии радиоизлучением с орбиты на поверхность планируют использовать не только на Земле. Хотя перспективы такого решения для нашей планеты пока под вопросом, во время полярных лунных миссий оно может быть вполне конкурентоспособным. Именно в тех кратерах, куда миллионы лет не попадал солнечный свет, находятся колоссальные залежи водяного льда. Чтобы его добывать, необходимо много энергии, которую либо придется везти с собой (аккумуляторы), либо получать с орбиты.
Программа SSPIDR, развивающая задел PRAM-FX, подразумевает уже три отдельных эксперимента — Arachne, SPINDLE и SPIRRAL. Первый будет устройством для демонстрации передачи энергии с орбиты на Землю, для которого компания Northrop Grumman начала производство необходимых компонентов. Запуск запланирован на 2024 год, но каким именно образом планируется выводить прибор в космос, пока не ясно. Неизвестно даже, будет это отдельный спутник или инструмент в составе какого-то другого аппарата (например, также X-37B).
SPINDLE, в свою очередь, уже будет полноценным демонстратором всей системы, включающей фотопреобразователи, спутниковую платформу и ретранслятор энергии. Сроки его создания пока не обозначены: вероятно, потребуется сначала дождаться возвращения PRAM-FX и результатов остальных тестов. Наконец, SPIRRAL полетит раньше всех — в 2023 году. Этот эксперимент отправится на МКС, где будет размещен на внешней подвеске для научных приборов и образцов. Его задача заключается в проверке всех необходимых материалов на устойчивость к условиям открытого космоса.
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